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Early detection sensor could help ease spread of TB in Asia and Africa

Scientists are developing a low-cost smart textile sensor for early detection of tuberculosis in people and cattle which they hope will help tackle the spread of the disease in Asia and Africa.

Cattle

The Nottingham Trent University project – the first of its kind – aims to target transmission of the disease in farms and farming communities in developing countries.

The researchers are creating a smart textile wearable sensor which would alert the wearer to early stage TB when detected in their sweat, along with a separate sensor which would identify it in the saliva of cattle during the milking process.

TB is caused by bacteria that typically affects the lung and is a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be naturally transmitted from animals to humans.

While human TB can be treated with antibiotics, this is not the case for cattle – and many countries have poor detection systems and healthcare.

In 2021 an estimated 10.6 million people fell ill with TB worldwide and 1.6 million died from the disease, making it the second leading infectious killer after COVID-19.

In 2014 it was estimated that there were 9.6 million cases of TB worldwide with 1.5 million deaths - and Asia and Africa occupied 86% of all cases.

TB symptoms in people can look mild and it can take weeks from the initial infection before someone feels unwell - in some cases, known as latent TB, the infection does not cause any symptoms, allowing it to spread even more easily.

The Nottingham researchers aim to develop a cheap, biodegradable and non-invasive device which would have a tiny fabric strip sensor – about 0.1 mm thick – which would react with TB bacteria and give a reading of TB, latent TB or nothing.

The technology would help to reduce transmission among people in communities and enable intervention through the early segregation of infected cattle, minimising the risk of endangering and potentially slaughtering other animals.  

Information from the sensing system would also be used to control the environment on the farm, such as providing disinfectant footpaths between farm buildings, clean housing and equipment and helping to avoid the sharing of equipment between farms.

TB can be transmitted through direct contact with infected domestic and wild animals, or indirectly through environmental contamination or consuming raw milk dairy products or meat.

In many developed countries the preferred approach to managing TB in infected animals is to ‘test and slaughter’, whereby if one or more animal tests positive they are slaughtered along with any others in the herd thought to be at high risk.

This is not practical in some heavily infected countries, however, as it could necessitate slaughtering a large number of cattle, which may not be feasible due to human resource or financial limitations, or for cultural reasons.

Human TB is often confirmed via patients’ sputum – or phlegm – but its sensitivity is low and other challenges mean that there can be a delay in diagnosing the disease. Other detection methods and techniques are not routinely used in developing countries due to their cost or complexity.

A skin test is the standard method for detecting animal TB but takes 72 hours to reveal the results – and as well as being expensive, blood-based tests can take up to eight weeks.

The project combines expertise and infrastructure from NTU’s School of Science and Technology, School of Animal Rural and Environmental Sciences and Medical Technologies Innovation Facility.

“TB remains a leading cause of disease and mortality in developing countries – in low-middle income countries about seven percent of all deaths are attributed to it,” said researcher Dr Yang Wei, an expert in electronic textiles and electronic engineering in Nottingham Trent University’s School of Science and Technology.

He said: “There is no single solution to monitor TB in both humans and animals and we aim to fulfil this gap by combining engineering, human health and animal health to provide a user-friendly wearable monitoring system.

“In South Asia and Africa if cattle is infected we may not know and would not slaughter the infected animals. And we often can’t test people as there are no resources, people, or equipment to do so. This all contributes to disease spread and death and the numbers are unfortunately getting worse.”

The researchers hope that the same platform could be used for other diseases commonly found in human and animals.

  • Notes for editors

    Press enquiries please contact Dave Rogers, Public Relations Manager, on telephone +44 (0)115 848 8782, or via email.

    Nottingham Trent University (NTU) received the Queen’s Anniversary Prize for Higher and Further Education in 2021 for cultural heritage science research. It is the second time that NTU has been bestowed the honour of receiving a Queen’s Anniversary Prize for its research, the first being in 2015 for leading-edge research on the safety and security of global citizens.

    The Research Excellence Framework (2021) classed 83% of NTU’s research activity as either world-leading or internationally excellent. 86% of NTU’s research impact was assessed to be either world-leading or internationally excellent.

    NTU was awarded The Times and The Sunday Times Modern University of the Year 2023 and ranked second best university in the UK in the Uni Compare Top 100 rankings (2021/2022). It was awarded Outstanding Support for Students 2020 (Times Higher Education Awards), University of the Year 2019 (Guardian University Awards, UK Social Mobility Awards), Modern University of the Year 2018 (Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide) and University of the Year 2017 (Times Higher Education Awards).

    NTU is the 5th largest UK institution by student numbers, with approximately 40,000 students and more than 4,400 staff located across five campuses. It has an international student population of 7,000 and an NTU community representing over 160 countries.

    Since 2000, NTU has invested £570 million in tools, technology, buildings and facilities.

    NTU is in the UK’s top 10 for number of applications and ranked first for accepted offers (2021 UCAS UG acceptance data). It is also among the UK’s top five recruiters of students from disadvantaged backgrounds and was the first UK university to sign the Social Mobility Pledge.

    NTU is ranked 2nd most sustainable university in the world in the 2022 UI Green Metric University World Rankings (out of more than 900 participating universities).

Published on 7 March 2023
  • Subject area: Computing, engineering, maths and other technologies
  • Category: Press office; Research; School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences; School of Science and Technology