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Study paves way for faster, more accurate therapies for hard-to-treat leukaemia patients

A new study will enable clinicians to identify patients with aggressive leukaemia who will not respond to chemotherapy and those who are most likely to benefit from a new immunotherapy.

AML
It is hoped that the findings will pave the way for new and more personalised therapies for acute myeloid leukaemia

The international research – led by Nottingham Trent University – has involved developing a greater understanding of how the immune system responds in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia.

It is hoped that the findings will pave the way for new and more personalised therapies for patients, as well as ensuring they get the right treatment as quickly as possible and without the use of chemotherapy, which is still the standard of care for most individuals with cancer.

Acute myeloid leukaemia progresses quickly, aggressively and requires immediate treatment – it is very resistant to chemotherapy, has a high relapse rate and just one in five patients survive beyond five years of their diagnosis.

The ability to predict the groups of patients and the types of cancer that will respond to immune targeting, an approach that harnesses the body’s own immune system to fight cancer, remains limited.

For those that don’t respond well to chemotherapy there is a survival rate of just four months and there is currently no treatment for this group.

As part of the study the researchers analysed the immunological structure of bone marrow samples of hundreds of adults and children with AML using innovative technological approaches. This allowed them to unravel critical differences in immune genes across different disease stages and age groups.

The work involved creating a compendium of significant AML genes and proteins to provide new insight into the interactions between patients’ immune systems and cancer cells.

This makes it possible to understand how treatment can be tailored to specific patient groups.

The approach led to the identification of immune biomarkers that were able to predict patients who are resistant to chemotherapy and those likely to benefit from flotetuzumab, a new immunotherapy which is currently being developed.

This class of drugs, called “bispecifics”, have a similar structure to that of an antibody, and reinvigorate T cells, a subset of immune cells that are normally implicated in the defense against invading microbes and tumour cells and that do not work properly in patients with cancer. Flotetuzumab is designed to bring T cells in close proximity to the tumour cells and promotes their killing.

“Acute myeloid leukaemia is an area of unmet clinical need,” said Sergio Rutella, Professor of Cancer Immunotherapy in Nottingham Trent University’s John van Geest Cancer Research Centre.

He said: “Patient outcomes are unsatisfactory, with chemotherapy resistance and disease recurrence being very common. Our work has characterised the ‘immune ecosystem’ of AML at unprecedented depth and identified immune gene signatures in the tumour that reflect immune status and predict anti-leukaemia immune potential.

“This has transformed our understanding of how treatment should be tailored to specific patients, particularly those resistant to chemotherapy and who are very challenging to treat but could show meaningful responses to second-line immunotherapy with flotetuzumab.

“Being able to predict patient responses will be crucial to tailoring drugs to individuals that are most likely to benefit.”

The study – published by the American Association for the Advancement of Science journal, Science Translational Medicine – included clinical haematologists, pathologists, clinical trialists and tumour immunologists.

Institutions included the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania), Washington University Medical School, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at Technische Universität Dresden (Germany), Princess Margaret Cancer Centre (Toronto, Canada) and Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam (Netherlands). There were also two USA-based industrial partners: MacroGenics Inc, a biopharmaceutical company with expertise in antibody engineering and early-phase immunotherapy clinical trials, and NanoString Technologies Inc, a biotechnology company with expertise in immune monitoring and computational immunobiology.

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    Nottingham Trent University was named University of the Year 2019 in the Guardian University Awards. The award was based on performance and improvement in the Guardian University Guide, retention of students from low-participation areas and attainment of BME students. NTU was also the Times Higher Education University of the Year 2017, and The Times and Sunday Times Modern University of the Year 2018. These awards recognise NTU for its high levels of student satisfaction, its quality of teaching, its engagement with employers, and its overall student experience. The university has been rated Gold in the Government’s Teaching Excellence Framework – the highest ranking available.

    It is one of the largest UK universities. With nearly 32,000 students and more than 4,000 staff located across four campuses, the University contributes £900m to the UK economy every year. With an international student population of more than 3,000 from around 100 countries, the University prides itself on its global outlook. The university is passionate about creating opportunities and its extensive outreach programme is designed to enable NTU to be a vehicle for social mobility. NTU is among the UK’s top five recruiters of students from disadvantaged backgrounds and was awarded University of the Year in the UK Social Mobility Awards 2019.

    A total of 82% of its graduates go on to graduate entry employment or graduate entry education or training within six months of leaving. Student satisfaction is high: NTU achieved an 87% satisfaction score in the 2019 National Student Survey.

Published on 4 June 2020
  • Subject area: Sciences including sport sciences
  • Category: Press office; Research; John van Geest Cancer Research Centre; School of Science and Technology